Read
The book, with the exam alongside it.
The real page, rendered as it is. As you read a section, Klaro shows the ideas that section carries and the questions that have been asked about them, so you know what the exam wants before you've turned the page.
- Original pages, figures and tables kept intact
- Concepts surfaced next to the passage they came from
- Jump straight from a paragraph to the questions on it
Hyponatraemia
The serum sodium concentration is normally 135–145 mmol/L. Hyponatraemia is defined as a serum Na+ concentration less than 135 mmol/L. In surgical practice it occurs mainly as either dilutional (hypervolaemic) or depletion (hypovolaemic) hyponatraemia.
A. Aetiology. Dilutional hyponatraemia (hypervolaemic): excessive intake of salt-free solutions, e.g. dextrose 5%; post-operatively due to excess secretion of ADH; liver cirrhosis and congestive heart failure.
Depletion hyponatraemia (hypovolaemic): abnormal gastrointestinal losses: persistent vomiting, diarrhoea, intestinal obstruction, and intestinal fistulae.